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Norwegian classification society DNV has unveiled a groundbreaking framework for autonomous and remotely operated ships, dubbed the Autonomous and Remotely Operated Ships (AROS) notations. Introduced in December 2024 and effective from January 1, 2025, this class notation family aims to ensure that remote/autonomous ships achieve safety levels equivalent to or exceeding those of conventional vessels.

The AROS framework encompasses four key functions: navigation, engineering, operational, and safety. It categorizes ships based on their autonomy levels, from remote control and decision support to supervised and full autonomy, and specifies the control location as onboard, off-ship, or hybrid.

DNV emphasizes that these notations provide a much-needed structure for the future development of autonomous shipping technologies, aligning closely with regulatory bodies like flag and coastal states. The adoption of autonomous ships, ranging from remote-controlled to fully unmanned vessels, promises a host of benefits, including enhanced safety, reduced crew requirements, improved fuel efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced operational and maintenance costs.

Challenges in Cybersecurity and Regulation

Despite the promising advancements, cybersecurity remains a significant concern. UK-based maritime security firm Dryad Global warns that the increased use of autonomous technologies exposes critical systems to potential cyberattacks, such as breaches of unsecured software and communication systems. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has tightened cybersecurity requirements and is developing the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) code, which is expected to become mandatory by 2032.

The AROS notations align with the IMO’s MASS code and build on DNV’s DNV-CG-0264 guideline for autonomous vessels. This guideline combines risk assessment processes with functional requirements, leaving room for future innovations.

Pioneering Projects and Industry Progress

The first Statement of Compliance with DNV’s guideline was awarded to Ocean Infinity, a Houston-based marine robotics company. Their Armada 78 03 vessel successfully underwent an upgrade and verification process, setting a benchmark for remotely operated offshore survey vessels.

Globally, industry stakeholders have been advancing autonomous shipping technologies. Notable milestones include:

• July 2023: The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) approved Japan’s Action Planning and Execution System for full autonomous (APExS-auto) under the MEGURI 2040 program.
• October 2024: BIMCO, the world’s largest shipping association, introduced the AUTOSHIPMAN agreement, a standardized contract framework for managing remote-controlled and autonomous vessels.

Geir Dugstad, Technical Director, Classification at DNV Maritime, stated:
“Autonomous shipping is a key part of the future development of the maritime industry. The AROS notations will enable new projects to achieve safety levels equal to or greater than conventional vessels, paving the way for innovations like collision avoidance and remote machinery support.”

With the launch of AROS, DNV reinforces its leadership in supporting the development of autonomous maritime technologies while addressing regulatory and operational challenges.

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